The one coulomb of charge difference between the two points is the voltage polarity. The item which provides a path for the electrons to flow is called a conductor. If it points from a more negative to a more VR R positive potential, then the numerical value receives a minus sign, -6V. Such alternating currents are produced by generators and other such voltage sources whose polarities alternate between a positive direction and a negative direction rather than being fixed in a constant direction as with DC sources.
By convention, alternating currents are called AC currents and alternating voltages are called AC voltages. The most common AC source is the commercial AC power system that supplies energy to your home.
The variation of an AC voltage or an AC current over time is called a waveform. Since these waveforms vary with time, AC supplies are designated by lowercase letters v t for voltage, and i t for current instead of uppercase letters V and I for DC values. Note that the subscript t represents time. There are many different types and shapes of waveforms but the most fundamental is the sine wave also called sinusoid. The sine wave or Sinusoidal waveforms are sinusoidal AC waveform is the voltage and current waveform shape at the wall produced by rotating a coil socket outlets in your home.
One complete variation between the same points on the waveform is referred to as a cycle. Since the waveform repeats itself at regular intervals over time, it is called a periodic waveform. S, Form Factor and Crest Factor can be use with any type of periodic waveform including Triangular, Square, Sawtoothed or any other irregular or complex voltage or current waveform shape.
For a pure sinusoidal waveform the effective or R. The RMS value for a sinusoidal waveform is always greater than its Average value. The sine wave function is periodic in time. This means that the instantaneous value at time t will be exactly the same at a later time.
The time taken by the alternating waveform to complete one full cycle is known as its time period An Alternating Current also called wavelength in radio , denoted by T seconds. AC waveform is defined as one which changes The number of cycles per second of a waveform is defined as its frequency. T The advantage of using alternating voltages and currents for electronic power supplies is that they can be raised and lowered with the help of a device called a transformer.
In DC circuits, raising and lowering voltages is not so easy because transformers cannot be used with direct current. There are also square waves, asymmetrical triangle, rectangular and complex waveforms. Complex waveforms generally consist of base fundamental waveform plus various harmonics superimposed on top.
The exact appearance of a complex waveform will depend on the frequencies, magnitudes, and phase relationships of the voltage waves superimposed upon the fundamental wave. Note that the terms wave and waveform do not refer to the same thing as a wave is a varying voltage or current, but a waveform is a graphical representation of such a varying voltage or current. Resistance, R of a circuit is its ability to resist or prevent the flow of current electron flow through itself making it necessary to apply a greater voltage to the electrical circuit to cause the current to flow again.
Resistance opposes current flow. The amount of resistance a circuit element has determines whether the element is a "good conductor" with low resistance, or a "bad conductor" insulator with high resistance or somewhere in between.
Low resistance, for example one ohm or less implies that the circuit is a good conductor made from materials with lots of free electrons in its valence shell. Examples of good conductors are generally metals such as copper, Resistance is the opposition aluminium, gold, silver or non-metals such as carbon, mercury and some to current flowing around acids and salts. The unit of resistance is the High resistance, one mega-ohm or more implies the circuit is a bad Ohm conductor of electricity made from insulating materials with no free electrons, or tightly grouped electrons in its valence shell.
Examples of insulators include glass, porcelain, rubber, pvc polyvinyl chloride plastics, mineral oils and dry wood or paper, etc. Copper Cable Insulator Conductor 2. A conductor is said to have a resistance of one ohm when one volt causes one ampere of current to flow through it. Length of Material: The resistance of a material is directly proportional to its length. The longer the material the more resistance it has.
Cross-sectional Area: The resistance of a material is indirectly proportional to its width. The wider or thicker the material is the less resistance it has allowing more free electrons to flow. Type of Material: The type of material affects the amount of free electrons able to flow through it.
A material which is a conductor has less resistance while a material which is an insulator has more resistance. Temperature: The temperature of the material affects its resistance. Some materials such as thermocouples and thermistors are design to change their resistance with temperature.
The resistor is the simplest passive element used in Electrical and Electronic circuits that is they contain no source of power or amplification but only attenuate or reduce the voltage or current signal passing through them.
A resistor can either be fixed or variable. Most resistors are of the fixed type, meaning their resistance remains constant. Variable resistors, called potentiometers or rheostats can be either linear or logarithmic types having an adjustable resistance value from zero ohms to their maximum resistance.
Georg Ohm found that, at a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through a fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and also inversely proportional to the resistance. This relationship between the Voltage, Current and Resistance forms the bases of Ohms Law and is shown below. Ohms Law is used extensively in electronics formulas and calculations so it is "very important to understand and accurately remember these formulas".
Linear resistors have a constant resistance for all values of positive or negative voltages and currents. This linear relationship gives a current-voltage I-V characteristic of a straight line. One watt of power is equal to the work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in moving one coulomb of charge around a circuit.
If more heat is generated by the resistor than can be dissipated, the resistor will overheat and become damaged. Resistor power rating is specified in watts. When calculating the power in resistors or resistances, the main equation to use whenever there is current flowing in 2 the resistance is I R. The physical size of a resistor is no indication of its resistance as a small resistor can have a very low or a very high resistance value. A resistors physical size, however, does give some indication of its power rating.
Whenever current flows Generally speaking the larger their physical size the higher its wattage rating.
When resistors with electrical power in Watts higher wattage ratings are required, wirewound resistors fitted to metal heatsinks are generally used to dissipate the excessive heat. When selecting the appropriate resistor for a circuit, always try to select a resistor with a higher wattage rating than the actual calculated power dissipation for safety reasons as resistors that conduct lots of current can become very hot.
These coloured painted bands produce a system of identification generally known as a Resistors Colour Code. These coloured bands are usually printed towards one end of the resistors body to indicate the first digit with the colours being read from left to right.
In the four-band system, the first band closest to the edge represents the first digit of the resistance value, the second band is the second digit, the third band is the decimal multiplier, which tells us how many zeros to add after the first two digits and the fourth band is the tolerance giving Digit, Digit, Multiplier, Tolerance.
The five-band system displays the coloured bands the same as for the four-band, except for an additional third coloured band to represent a third significant digit giving, Digit, Digit, Digit, Multiplier, Tolerance.
The five-band system is used for high precision resistors with low tolerance. These resistive networks have an equivalent resistance which is a combination of the individual resistors.
It makes no matter what the combination or complexity of the resistor network is, all resistors obey the same basic rules defined by Ohm's Law above. Since all the current flowing through the first resistor has no other way to go it must also pass through the second resistor and the third and so on. Resistors in series have a Common Current flowing through them as the current that flows through one resistor must also flow through the others as it can only take one path. Unlike the previous series circuit, in a parallel resistor network the current can take more than one path.
Since there are multiple paths for the supply current to flow through, the current is not the same at all points in a parallel circuit. However, the voltage drop across all of the resistors in a parallel resistive network is the same.
Then, Resistors in Parallel have a Common Voltage across them and this is true for all parallel connected elements. This method of calculation can be used for calculating any number of individual resistances connected together within a single parallel network. If however, there are only two individual resistors in parallel then a much simpler and quicker formula can be used to find the total resistance value, and this is given as: 2.
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or "capacity" to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference across its plates. Capacitors consists of two or more parallel conductive metal or foil plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of insulating material such as paper, mica, ceramic or plastic and which is commonly called the capacitors Dielectric.
When a sufficient amount of charge, Q measured in units of coulombs have been transferred from the source voltage to the capacitors plates, the voltage across the plates, Vc will be equal to the source voltage, Vs and the flow of electrons will cease. The voltage developed across the capacitors plates is not instantaneous but The material used to builds up slowly at a rate that depends on the capacitance value of the plates, separates the plates of a the greater the capacitance, the slower the rate of change of voltage in the capacitor from each other plates.
A capacitance of one farad, F, represents a charging current of one ampere when there is a voltage, V increase or decrease at a rate of of one volt per second. Capacitance, C is always positive and has no negative units.
However, the Farad is a very large unit of measurement to use on its own so sub-multiples of the Farad are generally used such as micro-farads, nano-farads and pico-farads, for example. Also like resistors, there are also variable types of capacitors which allow us to vary their capacitance value for use in radio or "frequency tuning" type circuits.
The various types of capacitors include, disc and tubular ceramics made from aluminium oxide or titanium oxide, silvered mica, metallised film made using strips of waxed or oiled paper and aluminium foil, or with plastic dielectrics such as polyethylene, mylar, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and polyester, and finally large electrolytic capacitors in the form of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors and Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors either polarised or non-polarised.
Variable capacitors change value due to the variation in the overlapping area of the plates, or by varying the spacing between parallel plates. Air dielectric is used for the larger capacitance values.
Trimmers and smaller variable types use very thin mica or plastic sheets as the dielectric between the plates. Placing capacitors in series effectively increases the thickness of the dielectric, decreases the total capacitance. The total capacitance of capacitors in series is calculated like the total resistance of parallel resistors. Connecting capacitors together in parallel effectively increases the area of the plates making the total capacitance equal to the sum of the individual capacitances like the total resistance of series resistors.
Capacitors in parallel all charge to the same voltage. The voltage, Vs connected across all the capacitors that are connected in parallel is the same. Then, Capacitors in Parallel have a common voltage supply across them. Then, Capacitors in Series all have the same current so each capacitor stores the same amount of charge regardless of its capacitance.
Capacitors connected together in series all have the same amount of charge. The direction of this magnetic field can be thought in terms of a wood screw being screwed into the conductor in the direction of the flow of current, with the head of the wood screw being rotated in the direction of the lines of force.
If we now take this length of wire and form it into a coil of N turns, the magnetic flux surrounding the coil is increased many times over for a given coil of wire compared with the flux produced by a single straight length. Also, if the current which is flowing through the coils conductor is increased in magnitude, the magnetic flux produced around the coil will also increase in value.
However, as the strength of the magnetic flux increases, it induces a secondary An Inductor is a coil of voltage within the coil called a back emf electro-motive force. Then for a coil of wire which opposes the wire, a self-induced voltage is developed across the coil due to the change in flow of current through current flowing through the coil. The polarity of this self-induced voltage produces itself in the form of a a secondary current in the coil that generates another magnetic flux which magnetic field opposes any changes to the original flux.
In other words, the instant the main current begins to increase or decrease in value, there will be an opposing effect trying to limit this change. But because the coil of wire is extremely long, the current through the coil cannot change instantaneously it takes a while for the current to change due mainly to the resistance of the wire and the self-induced effects of the wire coil. The ability of a coil to oppose any change in current is a result of the self-inductance, L of the coil.
This self- inductance, simply called inductance, value of an inductor is measured in Henries, H. Then the greater the inductance value of the coil, the slower is the rate of change of current for a given source voltage.
Then Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical conductor that opposes a change in current flow. An inductor is a device that stores energy within itself in the form of a magnetic field. This results in a much stronger magnetic field than one that would be produced by a simple coil of wire.
Inductors can also be fixed or variable. Inductors are mainly designed to introduce specific amounts of inductance into a circuit. They are formed with wire tightly wrapped around a solid central core which can be either a straight cylindrical rod or a continuous loop or ring to concentrate their magnetic flux.
The inductance of a coil varies directly with the magnetic properties of the central core. Ferrite and powdered iron materials are mainly used for the core to increase the inductance by increasing the flux linking the coil. Increasing levels of inductance can be obtained by connecting the inductors in series, while decreasing levels can be obtained by connecting inductors in parallel.
However, there are certain rules for connecting inductors in series or parallel and these are based on the fact that no mutual inductance or magnetic coupling exists between the individual inductors.
In the Resistors in Series tutorial we saw that the different values of the resistances connected together in series just "add" together and this is also true of inductance. Inductors in series are simply "added together" because the number of coil turns is effectively increased, with the total circuit inductance LT being equal to the sum of all the individual inductances added together. The voltage drop across all of the inductors in parallel will be the same.
If the voltage across a resistor varies sinusoidally with respect to time, as it does in an AC circuit, the current flowing through the resistor will also vary.
In an AC resistance, the current and voltage are both "in-phase" as there is no phase difference between them. A circuit consisting of reactance inductive or capacitive resistance and a resistance will have an equivalent AC resistance known as Impedance, Z. Impedance is the phasor sum of the circuit's reactance, X and the resistance, R. Note that although impedance represents the ratio of two phasors, it is not a phasor itself, because it does not correspond to a sinusoidal varying quantity.
Impedance, which is given the letter Z, in a pure ohmic resistance is a complex number consisting only of a real part being the actual AC resistance value, R and a zero imaginary part, j0.
Because of this Ohm's Law can be used in circuits containing an AC resistance to calculate these voltages and currents. As a pure resistor has no reactance, resistance is, for all practical purposes, unaffected by the frequency of the applied sinusoidal voltage or current. In such circuits we can use both Ohms Law and Kirchoff's laws as well as simple circuit rules for calculating the voltage, current, impedance and power as we would in DC circuit analysis.
When working with such rules it is usual to use rms values only. Capacitors oppose these changes in sinusoidal voltage with the flow of electrons through the capacitor being directly proportional to the rate of voltage change across its plates as the capacitor charges and discharges. Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks. Explore Magazines. Editors' Picks All magazines. Explore Podcasts All podcasts.
Difficulty Beginner Intermediate Advanced. Explore Documents. Uploaded by DarksideEE7. Document Information click to expand document information Description: Electronics CIrcuits formula sheet inductance capacitance resistance current division voltage division tau time constant complex conjugate.
Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Description: Electronics CIrcuits formula sheet inductance capacitance resistance current division voltage division tau time constant complex conjugate. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Paul Jones. M J Rhoades.
Gaurav Shrimali. Shakib Shoumik. Jaya Geeth. Kisthan Leymar. Ashwini Patil. Muaf Faizudeen. Shrishail Bhat. Parul Johari. Karthik Likith. More From DarksideEE7.
0コメント